Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)
Section A
1. A) She wants to return the skirt her husband bought.
B) She wants to buy another skirt.
C) She wants to change the blue skirt for a yellow one.
D) She wants to change the yellow skirt for a blue one.
2. A) It's too expensive. C) It should be built.
B) It isn't needed. D) A college would be better.
3. A) Jack's car was stolen. C) Jack bough a new car.
B) Jack sold his car D) Jack had a car accident.
4. A) Some people pretend to know what they really don't.
B) What the woman said is true.
C) What the woman said is wrong.
D) He knows more than the woman does.
5. A) The woman's job as a librarian. C) An important election.
B) Women's rights in society. D) Career planning.
6. A) She thinks it is easier said than done.
B) She totally agrees with him.
C) She feels that what he says is simply nonsense.
D) She thinks that he is a rather impolite person.
7. A) To clean the yard. C) To hire a gardener.
B) To weed the garden. D) To work in the flower beds.
8. A) 0n the 6th of June. C) On the 9th of June.
B) On the 8th of June. D) On the l9th of June.
9. A) The man thinks the woman is wasting her time.
B) The man thinks the woman should make full use of her time.
C) The man is eager to know the woman's answer.
D) The man can wait and there is no need for her to hurry.
10. A) To run into each other C) To avoid the crowds.
B) To get bargains. D) To join the crowds.
Section B
Passage One
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. A) Because of their love for hobbies and pastimes.
B) Because of their enthusiasm for sports.
C) Because of their fear of heart attacks.
D) Because of their strong desire for good health.
12. A) It was decreasing. C) It remained almost unchanged.
B) It was increasing. D) It was going up slowly.
13. A) Those who have heart attacks.
B) Those who have the desire to be physically fit.
C) Those who have spare time.
D) Those who have inactive jobs.
Passage Two
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. A) In the white pages. C) In the yellow pages.
B) In the blue pages. D) In a special section.
15. A) 0n the first page of the telephone book.
B) At the end of the telephone book.
C) In the front of the white pages.
D) Right after the white pages.
16. A) Check your number and call again. C) Ask the operator to put you through.
B) Tell the operator what has happened. D) Ask the operator what has happened.
Passage Three
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just beard.
17. A) Its specialization in transporting small packages.
B) The low cost of its service.
C) Being the first airline to send urgent letters.
D) Its modern sorting facilities.
18. A) l0,0O0. C) 13O.
B) 35. D) 3O.
19. A) Because of its good airport facilities.
B) Because of its location in the country.
C) Because of its size.
D) Because of its round-the-clock service.
20. A) Its full-time staff.
B) The postmen who work in Memphis.
C) Students who work in their spare time.
D) The staff members of the International Airport.
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems -and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships.
I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.
Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way and that they are leaders in style and taste.
Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do. If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are the underdog: you can't win but at least you can keep your honour. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your parents' control. But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself.
If you plan to control your life, co-operation can be part of that plan. You can charm others, especially parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress others with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do.
2l. The author is primarily addressing_________.
A) parents of teenagers C) those who give advice to teenagers
B) newspaper readers D) teenagers
22. The first paragraph is mainly about_________.
A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents
B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
C) the dominance of the parents over their children
D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises
23. Teenagers tend to have strange clothes and hairstyles because they_________.
A) want to show their existence by creating a culture of their own
B) have a strong desire to be leaders in style and taste
C) have no other way to enjoy themselves better
D) want to irritate their parents
24. Teenagers do not want their parents to approve of whatever they do because they _________.
A) have already been accepted into the adult world
B) feel that they are superior in a small way to the adults
C) are not likely to win over the adults
D) have a desire to be independent
25. To improve parent-child relationships, teenagers are advised to be_________.
A) obedient C) co-operative
B) responsible D) independent
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing (定量供应) is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is widespread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.
The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.
But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.
Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.
The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 6O per cent by l956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well.
26. Why is there "wide-spread uneasiness and confusion about the food situation in Britain?"
A) The abundant food supply is not expected to last.
B) Britain is importing less food.
C) Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.
D) Britain will cut back on its production of food.
27. The main reason for the rise in food prices is that --
A) people are buying less food
B) the government is providing less financial support for agriculture
C) domestic food production has decreased
D) imported food is driving prices higher
28. Why didn't the government's expansion programme work very well?
A) Because the farmers were uncertain about the financial support the government guaranteed.
B) Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production.
C) Because the farmers were uncertain whether foreign markets could be found for their produce.
D) Because the older generation of farmers were strongly against the programme.
29. The decrease in world food prices was a result of_________.
A) a sharp fall in the purchasing power of the consumers
B) a sharp fall in the cost of food production
C) the overproduction of food in the food-importing countries
D) the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries
30. What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was written?
A) The fall in world food prices would benefit British food producers.
B) An expansion of food production was at hand.
C) British food producers would receive more government financial support.
D) It looks depressing despite government guarantees.
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is rea1ly good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you don't, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment (启蒙运动) to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 2Oth century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant, the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
3l. According to the author, really good science_________.
A) would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment
B) will produce results which cannot be foreseen
C) will help people to make the right choice in advance
D) will bring about disturbing results
32. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century_________.
A) thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of science
B) were afraid of facing up to, the realities of scientific research
C) knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about nature
D) did more harm than good in promoting man's understanding of nature
33. Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientists in earlier times?
A) They invented false theories to explain things they didn't understand.
B) They falsely claimed to know all about nature.
C) They did not believe in results from scientific observation.
D) They paid little attention to the problems they didn't understand.
34. What is the author's attitude towards science?
A) He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.
B) He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
C) He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties confronting it.
D) He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.
35. The author believes that_________.
A) man can find solutions to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up
B) man cannot solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellect
C) sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer them
D) questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific research
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities.
The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.
The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.
36. According to the author, the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment _________.
A) is still unknown C) is being closely studied
B) is usually neglected D) has been fully recognized
37. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation has led to _________
A) the disproportion of recreation facilities in the neighbourhood
B) the location of recreation facilities far from home
C) relatively little attention for recreative possibilities
D) the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighbourhood
38. The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of greenspace should be provided _________.
A) in special areas C) in the neighbourhood of the house
B) in the suburbs D) in gardens and parks
39. According to the author, greenspace facilities should be designed in such a way that _________.
A) more obligatory activities might take on a recreative aspect
B) more and more people might have access to them
C) an increasing number of recreative activities might be developed
D) recreative activities might be brought into our homes
40. The main idea of this passage is that _________.
A) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life
B) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities
C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago
D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities
Part Ⅲ Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)
Directions: There are 3O incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the 0NE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a singe line through the centre.
4l. Tom _________ better than to ask Dick for help.
A) shall know C) has known
B) shouldn't know D) should have known
42. The magician picked several persons _________ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.
A) by accident C) on occasion
B) at random D) on average
43. Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, _________have been mentioned in previous pages.
A) a few of it C) a few of them
B) a few of that D) a few of which
44. They'll have you _________if you don't pay your taxes.
A) to be arrested C) arrested
B) arrest D) being arrested
45. There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone _________ me that evening.
A) had interrupted C) to have interrupted
B) would have interrupted D) to interrupt
46. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of _________ standards.
A) equivalent C) uniform
B) alike D) likely
47. _________for your help, we'd never have been able to get over the difficulties.
A) Had it not C) Had it not been
C) If it were not D) If we had not been
48. Some people avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them _________
A) violently C) sincerely
B) enthusiastically D) deliberately
49. There is no easy solution to Japan's labour _________.
A) decline C) rarity
B) vacancy D) shortage
5O. I'm sure your suggestion will _________ the problem.
A) contribute to solving C) contribute to solve
B) be contributed to solve D) be contributed to solving
51. I left for the office earlier than usual this morning _________ traffic jam.
A) in line with C) in case of
B) for the sake of D) at the risk of
52. Some areas, _________ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.
A) due to C) but for
B) in spite of D) with regard to
53. The new washing machines are at the rate of fifty a day.
A) turned up C) turned out
B) turned down D) turned in
54. On turning the corner, we saw the road _________ steeply.
A) departing C) decreasing
B) descending D) depressing
55. The managing director took the _________ for the accident, although it was not really his fault.
A) guilt C) charge
B) blame D) accusation
56. Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; _________ is utter poverty.
A) now that all is left C) now all which is left
B) now all that is left D) now all what is left
57. The shop-assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _________ quality he'd tell them so.
A) humble C) minor
B) inferior D) awkward
58. His tastes and habits _________ with those of his wife.
A) combine C) coincide
B) compete D) compromise
59. The branches could hardly _________ the weight of the fruit.
A) retain C) maintain
B) sustain D) remain
60. With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its _________.
A) boundaries C) confinements
B) restraints D) limitations
6l. Visitors are asked to _________ with the regulations.
A) contrast C) comply
B) consult D) conflict
62. He _________ so much work that he couldn't really do it efficiently.
A) put on C) brought on
B) turned on D) took on
63. _________ should any money be given to a small child.
A) 0n no account C) Of no account
B) From all accounts D) By all accounts
64. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge _________ our thinking.
A) which to be based on C) upon which to base
B) which to base upon D) to which to be based
65. _________ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.
A) So clever are the construction robots C) Such construction robots are clever
B) So clever the construction robots are D) Such clever construction robots are
66. All flights _________ because of the storm, they decided to take the train.
A) having canceled C) were canceled
B) having been canceled D) have been canceled
67. The microscope can _________ the object 1OO times in diameter.
A) magnify C) develop
B) increase D) multiply
68. Language belongs to each one of us, to the flower-seller _________ to the professor.
A) as much as C) the same as
B) as far as D) as long as
69. We _________ Edison's success to his intelligence and hard work.
A) subject C) owe
B) attribute D) refer
70. She once again went through her composition carefully to _________ all spelling mistakes from it.
A) withdraw C) abandon
B) diminish D) eliminate
Part Ⅳ Error Correction (l5 minutes)
Traditionally, the American farmer has always been independent and hard-working. In the eighteenth century farmers were quite self-sufficient. The farm family grew and made almost nothing it needed. The surplus crop would be sold to buy a few items in the local general store.
In l86O, because some of the farm population had moved to the city, yet eighty percent of the American population was still in the country. In the late nineteen century farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days. The farmer aroused at dawn or before and had much work to do, with his own muscles like his chief source of power. He used axes, spades and other complicated tools. In his house cooking was done in wood-burning stoves, and the kerosene lamp was the only improvement on the candle. The family's recreation and social life chiefly consisted a drive in the wagon to the nearby small town or village to transact some business as well as to chat with neighbors who had also come to town. The children attended a small elementary school (often of just one room) to that they had to walk every day possibly for a few miles. The school term was short so that the children could not help on the farm.
Although the whole family worked, and life was not easy, farmers as a class were self-reliant and independent.
Writing
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graph below.
The suggested title is: Car Accident Declining in Walton City. Remember that your composition must be written according to the following outline:
1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;
2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city;
3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.
Your composition should be no less than l20 words and you should quote as few figures as possible.
(Script for Listening Comprehension)
1. M: Now, what's your problem, Madam?
W: Oh, yes. My husband bought this yellow skirt here yesterday. It is very nice, but it's not the colour I want. Have you got any blue ones?
Q: What does the woman want to do?
A) She wants to return the skirt her husband bought.
B) She wants to buy another skirt.
C) She wants to change the blue skirt for a yellow one.
D) She wants to change the yellow skirt for a blue one.
2. M: The city council has finally voted the funds to build a new high school.
W: It's about time they did it. I don't know what took them so long.
Q: What's the woman's opinion about the school?
A) It's too expensive. C) It should be built.
B) It isn't needed. D) A college would be better
3. M: Last night, Jack left his car parked in front of his girl-friend's house and when he came out to go home, it was gone.
W: Wow! That's really tough. He just bough it last month, didn't he?
Q: What do you think happened?
A) Jack's car was stolen. C) Jack bought a new car
B) Jack sold his car D) Jack had a car accident.
4. W: Some people know a lot more than they tell.
M: Unfortunately the reverse is also true.
Q: What does the man mean?
A) Some people pretend to know what they really don't.
B) What the woman said is true.
C) What the woman said is wrong.
D) He knows more than the woman does.
5. W: We all talk about how liberated we are, but in fact women are still not equally treated.
M: I don't think so. You've got the vote, you've got your careers—I think you've got everything important.
Q: What are they arguing about?
A) The woman's job as a librarian. C) An important election.
B) Women's rights in society. D) Career planning.
6. M: It's partly your own fault. You should never let in anyone like that unless you're expecting him.
W: It's all very well to say that, but someone comes to the door and says "electricity" or "gas" and you automatically think he is OK, especially if he shows you a card.
Q: How does the woman feel about the man's remarks?
A) She thinks it is easier said than done.
B) She totally agrees with him.
C) She feels that what he says is simply nonsense.
D) She thinks that he is a rather impolite person.
7. M: Your yard is always so beautiful, Cathy. You must have a gardener.
W: 0h, no. It would cost at least $5O a month to hire someone to do the work, so I do most of it myself I enjoy taking care of the flowers, but I have to force myself to do the weeding and cut the grass.
Q: What does Cathy like to do?
A) To clean the yard. C) To hire a gardener
B) To weed the garden. D) To work in the flower beds.
8. M: I'd like to make two reservations on Flight 65l for June 8th.
W: I'm sorry; we're booked up on the 8th. But we still have a few seats available on the 9th.
Q: When does the man want to leave?
A) On the 6th of June. C) On the 9th of June.
B) On the 8th of June. D) On the l9th of June.
9. W: I have to think about your offer. I can't say "yes" or "no" at the moment.
M: You can take your time. It will do if you let me know your decision in a day or two.
Q: Which of the following is true?
A) The man thinks the woman is wasting her time.
B) The man thinks the woman should make full use of her time.
C) The man is eager to know the woman's answer.
D) The man can wait and there is no need for her to hurry.
10. M: Well, this is a pleasant surprise. It seems to me we ran into each other here last week too.
W: You and I must have the same idea. The only way to beat the crowds when you do the grocery shopping on Saturday is to be here when they open at 9:00 sharp!
Q: Why did both of them do grocery shopping at 9:0O sharp?
A) To run into each other. C) To avoid the crowds.
B) To get bargains. D) To join the crowds.
Passage 0ne
In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness.
Many persons have a strong desire to be more physically fit. By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies or pastimes.
Many of them apply this enthusiasm, optimism, and energy to running. As a result, there are running clubs to join and numerous books and magazines to read about running.
The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the l96Os caused an increase of interest in improving the human body.
Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercises. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have inactive jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease between l972 and l974 and it is still decreasing. Physical fitness has now become a new "love" of Americans. Will it last long? Only time will tell—or until another “new passion” comes along?
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. Why are Americans so interested in physical exercises?
A) Because of their love for hobbies and pastimes.
B) Because of their enthusiasm for sports.
C) Because of their fear of heart attacks.
D) Because of their strong desire for good health.
12. What about the rate of heart attacks between l972 and l974 in the United States?
A) It was decreasing. C) It remained almost unchanged.
B) It was increasing. D) It was going up slowly.
13. What kind of patients are especially encouraged to take part in physical exercises?
A) Those who have heart attacks.
B) Those who have the desire to be physically fit.
C) Those who have spare time.
D) Those who have inactive jobs.
Passage Two
Telephone books in the United States have white, blue and yellow pages.
The white pages list people with phones by last name. The blue pages contain numbers of city services, government agencies, and public schools. Businesses and professional services are listed in a special section-the Yellow Pages.
To make a long distance call, you need an area code. Each area in the U.S. has an area code. The area covered by one area code may be small or large. For example, New York City has one area code, but so does the whole state of Oregon. If you want to know the area code of a place, you can look it up in the area code map which is printed in the front of the white pages.
There are a lot of public telephones in the U.S. They have their own numbers. If you are making a long distance call on a public telephone and run out of money, give the number on your phone to the person you're talking to. Then hang up the receiver and he can call you back. If you make a long distance call and get a wrong number, call the operator and explain what happened. This means that you can make the call again to the right number without having to pay more money.
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. Where can you find the telephone number of a city council in the telephone book?
A) In the white pages. C) In the yellow pages.
B) In the blue pages. D) In a special section.
15. Where can you find an area code map of the U.S.?
A) 0n the first page of the telephone book.
B) At the end of the telephone book.
C) In the front of the white pages.
D) Right after the white pages.
16. What are you advised to do when you get a wrong number in making a long distance call?
A) Check your number and call again. C) Ask the operator to put you through.
B) Tell the operator what has happened. D) Ask the operator what has happened.
Passage Three
Federal Express is a private airline service which expands the Postal Service in the United States. It is the only U.S. airline specializing in the transportation of small packages-35 kilos or less.
Federal Express links l30 major U.S. cities and 1O,0OO surrounding communities. An urgent package picked up in one part of the country this afternoon can be delivered to any other part of the country tomorrow morning. All of the Federal Express jets fly into the International Airport at Memphis, Tennessee, because it is located in the center of the United States.
The sorting facility for Federal Express is called "The Hub". Every night, from about l2 midnight to 3 a.m., the packages are gathered and sorted into shipments for specific destinations. The main labor force is comprised of students working part-time.
Since Federal Express started business in l97l, it has flown millions of air kilometers without fail. In the space of one hour, 39 jets will take off to destinations all across the United States.
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. What makes the Federal Express so unique in the U.S. airline service business?
A) Its specialization in transporting small packages.
B) The low cost of its service.
C) Being the first airline to send urgent letters.
D) Its modern sorting facilities.
18. How many major U.S. cities does Federal Express link?
A) 1O,OOO. C) 130.
B) 35. D) 30.
19. Why do all of the Federal Express jets fly into the International Airport at Memphis, Tennessee?
A) Because of its good airport facilities.
B) Because of its location in the country.
C) Because of its size.
D) Because of its round-the-clock service.
20. Who comprise the main labour force of Federal Express?
A) Its full-time staff
B) The postmen who work in Memphis.
C) Students who work in their spare time.
D) The staff members of the International Airport.
试题详解
第一部分 听力理解（Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension）
第1题
答案为选项D。本题比较容易，关键在于听懂女顾客是对其丈夫所购裙子的颜色不满意，因而想要换成蓝颜色的。85％的考生答对此题，说明他们都具备这种听懂明示信息的能力。极少部分考生答错，主要误选了C项，一是由于不理解to change…for…的确切含义，二是因为未能领会女士答话的内容细节，将两种颜色张冠李戴了。因此，提高听力首先要打好语言基础，同时又要有的放矢地加强听力技能的培养。
第2题
答案为选项C。本题要求依据女士的答话推断她的看法，具有一定的难度。多达40％的考生未能答对。看来主要原因在于，一些考生对It's about time they did it（他们早该这么做了）的确切意思不甚理解。因此有近20％的考生选择了B项，误认为上句中的they did it表示"过去已做过了"，现在也无此必要了。由此可见，掌握常用句型是提高听力的基础。
第3题
答案为选项A。本题要求依据对话推断"发生了什么事情"，比较容易。但仍有多于1／4
的考生答错。主要原因也许在于这部分考生未能听懂…it was gone(……车不见了）的意思。因此，应当注意掌握同一意义的不同表达方式，这也是提高听力理解水平的重要一环。
第4题
答案为选项A。本题具有相当的难度，有超过半数的考生未能答对。此题要求推断男士答话的意思。为此，考生首先必须听懂 Some people know a lot more than they tell（有些人懂得的东西要比他们所说的多得多）这个句子，然后还须理解带有句子重音的reverse（相反）一词的意思。也许正因为对前一句的意思未及反应过来，而又对名词reverse不甚熟悉，导致各有 1／5左右的考生分别选择了起干扰作用的B项和C项。由此可见，听力训练中应当将语言知识的积累与技能的培养有效地结合起来。
第5题
答案为选项B。本题要求根据对话内容推断双方争辩的主题，比较容易。但仍有多于l／4的考生答错。究其原因，一些考生错选了C项和D项，这是受了片言只字（如vote，career等）的影响。另一些考生误选了A项，也许是将发音有点相似的liberated与librarian两个单词相混淆了。而辨音是听力的基本技能，应熟练掌握。
第6题
答案为选项A。本题要求根据女士的答话推断她对男士的话有何看法，具有一定的难度，有近半数的考生未能答对。关键在于，很多考生对It's all very well…，but…这一句型并不熟悉。在此对话中，其深层含义就是…it is easier said than done（说来容易做来难）。有超过1／5的考生误选了C项，但是，女士并没有认为男士的话"纯粹是一派胡言"。
第7题
答案为选项D。本题要求依据Cathy答话的细节，推断她喜欢做什么，难度较大。一大半考生未能答对。究其原因，除了答话开头部分的干扰，主要还由于答话中使用了enjoy doing（something）来表达like doing（或to do）something，采用have to force oneself to do something婉转表达dislike doing something之意。近1／3的考生对这些表达方式未能准确理解而选择了B项。但是，理解并掌握不同的表达方式、领悟委婉表达的确切含义，是中高级阶段外语学习的重要任务。
第8题
答案为选项B。本题主要测试听懂具体事实与重要细节的能力，难度相对较低。但仍有多于 1／3的考生答错，其中一大半选择了C项。这一方面归因于女士答话中 on the 9th of June的干扰；另一方面，也许是因为有些考生对to make two reservations on…以及（be）booked up的确切含义不熟悉而影响了对会话的正确理解。由此可见，打下扎实的语言基础是培养较强的交际能力的前提。
第9题
答案为选项D。本题要求依据对话内容，作出正确判断，比较容易。但仍有多于1／3的考生答错，其中多数误选了B项。显然，这些考生对男士答话中的You can take your time（你不必着急）感到费解，进而将其与make full use of her time（充分利用她的时间）混为一谈了。由此而言，提高听力的前提是正确掌握各种表达方式的意义和用法。
第10题
答案为选项C。本题要求根据对话内容推断出他们两人为何都在周六上午9点正到食品杂货店购物的原因。为此，关键是要听懂女士所说的The only way to beat the crowds…这个复杂句的意思。其前提是要弄清 to beat the crowds是什么意思。由于没有掌握这一点， 30％的考生答错此题。显然，两位对话者之所以都在9点正到食品杂货店购物其原因在于他们都想抢在成群的购物者到来之前，也就是要避开他们，因此C项是唯一正确的选择。
Passage One（第11至13题）
内容大意
近年来，许多美国人不分男女老少，都开始爱好健身运动。他们热衷于体育锻炼，渴求体魄更加强健。美国人生性对业余爱好和消遣娱乐热情饱满、劲头十足。他们中的许多人以这种热情和劲头投入跑步这一体育活动。60年代心脏病的发病率上升,促使更多的美国人关注健体强身。很多医生也鼓励病人加强锻炼。现在，身体健康己经成为美国人的一种新的"爱好"，至于这种爱好能够持续多久，唯有时间才能证明。
第11题：
答案为选项D。本题相对比较容易，85％的考生都答对了。本题问的是美国人如此爱好体育锻炼的原因，短文第4段提供了答案。只要听懂了这一部分，并且明白passion在此所表示的即为D项中的strong desire之意，那么，这一问题也就迎刃而解了。而其他3个选择项只说明了部分原因，均不能成为该题的确切答案。
第12题：
答案为选项A。本题旨在考核听懂具体事实与细节的能力，问的是"1972年至1974年间美国心脏病的发病率怎样"。短文第5段直接提供了答案…the rate of heart attacks began to decrease between 1972 and 1974…（……在1972年至1974年间心脏病的发病率开始下降……）。因此，本题比较容易，2／3的考生回答正确。其余考生仍须加强这种听力技能的训练，以做到听懂并记住重要的事实与细节。
第13题：
答案为选项D。本题也是测试辨认具体事实的能力。短文第5段提供了问题的答案。此题具有一定的难度，只有不足半数的考生答对，而干扰项A和B却各吸引了将近1／4的考生。这一方面也许因为这两个干扰项中的部分词语在短文中出现过，部分考生受此干扰；而另一方面更主要的，似乎是由于这些考生未能抓住…especially those who have inactive jobs的意思，他们没有理解它是…doctors especially encourage those(patients) who have inactive jobs to become more physically active的省略形式。在一定的上下文中理解省略句并能在必要时将省略成分复原也是一项重要的语言能力，须切实掌握。
Passage Two（第14至16题）
内容大意
美国的电话簿包括白页、蓝页和黄页3部分。白页部分按姓氏列出个人电话号码。蓝页部分含有市政部门、政府机构及公立学校的电话号码。工商企业与专业服务机构的电话号码则列在黄页部分。白页部分的最前面印有电话区号图，供打长途直地区号时所用。美国有许多公用电话，它们都有各自的号码。用公用电话打长途，钱花光时，可以将所用电话的号码告诉对方，然后挂上电话让对方打过来。打长途如果错了号，只要向接线员说明原因便可重打而不必再付钱。
第14题：
答案为选项B。本题问的是在电话簿的什么地方可以查到市议会的电话号码。短文第1段指出，电话簿的蓝页部分列有city services（市政部门）、government agencies（政府机构）与public schools（公立学校）的电话号码。a city council（市议会）的电话号码显然也应包括在这一部分。因此答案是选项B。照说此题难度并不算大，但却有近半数的考生未能答对。这可能由于未能听懂并记住The blue pages contain…这句话的意思；也可能因为不明白a city council（市政会，市议会）指的是什么，形成理解上的障碍，影响了正确答题。
第15题：
答案为选项C。本题也是针对具体细节发问，问的是在（电话簿的）什么地方能够找到美国电话区号图。短文第3段的最后一句话…the area code map…is printed in the front ofthe white pages直接提供了答案。理解了这个复杂句，并记住其基本意思就能正确回答此题。本题并不难，但尚有1／3的考生答错，须进一步加强听懂长句并从中捕捉相关信息这种技能的训练。
第16题：
答案为选项B。本题测试的仍然是辨认细节的能力，问的是打长途电话时拨错了号怎么办。短文中最后一段告诉人们遇到这种情况应当怎么办：…call the operator and explain what happened有将近一半的考生未能答对，主要原因之一也许是，他们没有理解这一特定的文化背景知识，形成了听力理解中的障碍。另外，选项C中的短语动词put you through值得注意。这一短语在此意为"给你接通电话"。又如：
Put me through to the police station．请给我接警察局。
Passage Three（第 17至 20题）
内容大意
"联邦捷运公司"是美国唯一专营35公斤以下小包裹快递业务的私营航空公司。这家公司连接美国130个主要城市及其周围的1万个社区。下午在美国一个地方装运的急件次日上午便可投递到国内任何其它地方。"联邦捷运公司"的所有飞机都飞入位于美国中心的田纳西州孟菲斯国际机场。每天从午夜12点至凌晨3点，在该公司称作"中心"的分拣处（the sorting facility），将包裹汇集归类后分批运往各地。那里劳动力的主体是打工的学生。该公司自1971年开业以来已经准确无误地飞运了数百万公里。
第17题：
答案为选项A。本题问的是"联邦捷运公司"业务的独特（unique）之处。短文第1段直接提供了答案：It is the only U．S． airline specializing in the transportation of small packages…。只要听懂并抓住了这一重点，大部分考生答对此题应该不成问题，但仍有l／4的考生未能答对，还须进一步培养在听音中捕捉重要信息，并将其存储于短期记忆之中的能力。
第18题：
答案为选项C。本题旨在测试辨认并记忆数字的能力。短文第2段开头就直接提供了答案。此题似乎比较容易，但仍有大约1／3的考生答错。究其原因，一方面是由于短文中出现的其他数字形成干扰，如有相当一部分考生选择了B项，而35指的是包裹的重量；另一方面，一些考生对英文数字的发音与辨音仍未达到教学大纲要求，如将130听成了30，误选了D项，因而须加强数字方面的听力训练。
第19题：
答案为选项B。本题要求考生推断捷运公司所有飞机都飞入田纳西州孟菲斯国际机场的原因。短文第2段提供了答案…because it is located in the center of the United States，显然是由于其地理位置决定的。但是，却有40％的考生未能答对此题。主要原因除了地名陌生形成的干扰，还可能是部分考生对英、汉两种语言的句式差异注意不够。汉语中通常原因从句在前，表示结果的主句在后，而英语则相反。由于受了汉语习惯的影响，他们在听音过程中并未能弄清because从句是为前面主句说明原因的。结果答题时只能想当然地乱猜一气。此外，选择项D中的复合词round-the－clock比较常用，值得掌握。
第2O题：
答案为选项C。本题仍是针对文中的具体细节发问。关于"联邦捷运公司"劳动力主体构成这个问题，短文中第3段最后一句直接提供了答案：
The main labor force is comprised of students working part－time．
此题似乎比较容易，但仍有1／3以上的考生未能答对，l／4的考生误选了D项。显然，这部分考生辨别具体信息的能力亟待增强。
第二部分 阅读理解（Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension）
Passage One（第 21至 25题）
内容大意
本文是一篇论述年轻一代与长辈之间的关系的论说文。文章第1段就指出年轻人有时会对父母有意见，认为父母应对他们之间的误会负责，这是很自然的事。年轻人抱怨说，父母因循守旧，对他们有强烈的控制和支配欲，不相信他们能处理好急难事情，在一些问题上过于唠叨并在处理他们之间的关系时，缺乏幽默感。
文章在第2段里指出作者本人也认为，父母通常低估了他们那些已经是十几岁的孩子，也经常忘记了他们自己年轻时是如何想的。
文章在第3段里解释青少年为什么会做一些使他们的父母感到不快的事。例如，当孩子特别喜欢一些他们父母讨厌的服饰、发型、歌星或者音乐时，这并不是因为他们有意想使父母不快，而是因为他们想建立一个属于自己的文化和社交圈子。如果他们因此而使父母不高兴，这只会使他们更加开心。因为这会使他们有一种优越感，使他们觉得自己在时尚和品味方面走在了前面。
文章在第4段里劝告青少年放弃那种长期与父母对着干的思想，因为这是处理双方关系的一种消极观点。这种观点在当孩子们完全由父母管教时是可以理解的，但却无视这样一个事实，即青少年现在要开始对自己负责了。
文章最后向青少年建议，如果他们打算自己管理自己，就必须考虑与他人进行合作。他们可以诱导别人，尤其是自己的父母，去按他们的想法去做；他们也可以让人感到他们是有责任感和主动性的，从而使他们自己能去做自己想做的事。
第21题：
本题考核考生进行正确推理的能力。本文的第l、2和3段均论述了年轻人与父母之间的关系。第4和第5段则一开始直接用you来代替上文中的young people和teenagers，因此正确的选项应该是选项D。77％的考生答对了本题。由于文中的第1、2和3段均使用解释性的语气来说明青少年与父母之间的种种误会和矛盾，使14％的考生误以为本文的对象是那些从事青少年工作的辅导员而错选了C项。
第22题：
本题考核考生能否把握段落的中心思想。只要细读本文便可看出第1段的首句就道出了该段落的中心思想，即"年轻人有时会批评他们的父母，说父母应对孩子和父母之间所产生的种种误会负责，这是很自然的事"。因此答案是选项A。73％的考生答对了本题。有24％成绩偏低的考生错选了B项。这可能是因为本段的主题句提到青少年和父母之间的misunderstandings，但这不是本段论述的中心，故选项B是错的。文中第1段第2句列出了青少年对父母的种种抱怨，其中也提到they are dominant和 they do not trust their children to deal with crises，但这只是青少年抱怨父母的两个例子，不是本段的中心思想，因此C项和D项也是错的。
第23题：
本题要求考生进行推论。第2段的第3和第4两句告诉我们，青少年是因为感到被排斥在成年人社会之外的，因此，他们创造了可以反映他们的文化和容纳他们的社会圈子。根据这两句话的意思可以推断出选项A是答案。65%的考生答对了本题。有19％的考生错选了B项。虽然第3段的第5句和第6句提到，青少年穿奇装异服和留奇怪的发型使他们有一种在时尚和品味方面领先的满足感，但这种在时尚和品味方面领先的满足感是穿奇装异服和留奇怪发型的结果而不是目的。因此选项B是错的。还有15％的考生因未注意第2段第2句This is not their motive，而错选了D项。文中并未提及选项C，因此选项C是错的，误选的考生也很少。
第24题：
这也是一道推论题。本文的第4段第1句指出，青少年有时会因为不想要父母认可他们所做的事而表现出强烈的逆反心理和自尊心。由此可以推断出选项D是答案。文中亦提到They fell they are superior at a small way（第2段最后一句），因此有19％成绩中等偏下的考生误选了B项。但选项B不是答案，因为文中已指出，使青少年产生优越感的是他们的music or emertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles等。文中均未提及选项A和C，因此A项和C项是错的，误选这两个选项的考生很少。
第25题：
本题要求考生辨认文章中的重要事实。第5段第2句，即该段的主题句指出，如果青少年要安排自己的生活，他们应学会与他人合作。由此可以推断出选项C是答案。92％的考生都答对了本题。
Passage Two（第26至30题）
内容大意
本文讲述了第二次世界大战后英国的粮食供应由长期缺乏突然转为明显的丰富所引起的人心不定。
本文共分5段。第1段讲的是，英国的粮食在多年的匮乏后突然又多起来了：商店里充斥着食品，粮食配给制几乎中止，而且还要求海外的粮食供应商暂停供应。但这个本应让人高兴的事反而使人们感到心神不定和不知所措。人们之所以有这种感觉，是因为如果粮食如此丰富，为何粮价还在上涨呢？人们感到茫然不解，不知未来将会怎么样？
第2段指出，由于北美洲连续两年的粮食丰收加之第3年又是丰收在望，因此世界粮食市场可供出口的粮食大量过剩。向英国出口肉类的大部分海外供应商本年度还想增加出口量，然而英国自己的肉类生产也在增加。
第3段进一步指出，由于政府削减粮食补贴而引起的粮价上涨，上述这一切对英国的粮食状况所产生的副作用进一步恶化。商店里的食品已经存货过多，这不仅仅是因为粮食多了，而且还因为价格过高而人们的购买量减少。
第4段指出，英国的粮价是在世界粮价开始下跌这样一个背景下上涨的，其结果便是除了谷物外，进口食品通常要比本国食品便宜。因此英国的消费者也在开始问，他们为什么不能从中得到好处。
最后一段谈到上述情况对英国的农民所产生的影响。对老一辈农民来说，这种情况并不陌生，以前也发生过。尽管有政府维持当前的粮价和市场的保证，农民仍然担心他们会受到廉价的进口食品和日益缩小的国内市场的夹击。英国当前的粮食产量要比战前水平高51％，政府号召到1956年把粮食产量增加到60％。不过农业部的意见不为农民重视，增加粮食生产的计划进展也不顺利。
第26题：
本题是考核考生辨认重要细节的能力。只要考生仔细阅读，便可看出本文的第1段第4句Why do food prices keep on rising， when there seems to be so much food about？回答了这个问题。因此选项C是答案。91％的考生答对了本题。文中未提及A项、B项和C项，因此这3个选项都不合适。
第27题：
这也是属于辨认重要细节的试题。本题问的问题是，英国食品价格上涨的主要原因是什么？仔细阅读文章，便知本题的答案可在第3段第1句里找到，即…due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food。因此，选项B是答案。84%的考生答对了本题。少数考生误选了A项。文中虽提到people are buying less food（第3段最后一句），但这是因为粮食价格高，与选项"使粮食价格上涨的主要原因"无关，因此选项A是错的。文章未提及选项C和D，因此这两个选项是错的。
第28题：
这是一道要求进行推论的题目。由于文章未提及A项和C项，故这两个选项是错的。虽然文章最后一段提到the older generation，但并没有说老一辈的农民反对英国政府发展农业的计划，故选项D也是错的。本文最后一段的第2句和最后一句指出，尽管当前的粮食价格和市场是有保障的，但农民担心他们很可能被夹在廉价的进口粮食和日益缩小的国内市场之间，因而对政府扩大粮食生产的号召不怎么热心。根据这两句话，可以推断出答案应该是选项B。77％的考生答对了本题。
第29题：
本题属于辨认重要事实的试题。只要仔细阅读，便知道本题的答案可在第2段里找到，因为该段第1句指出，由于北美洲连续两年出现了特大丰收，而第3年又是丰收在望。因此答案应该是选项D。69％的考生答对了本题。不过尽管如此，还是有17％成绩偏低的考生误选了C项。虽然最后一段提到Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels…，但这不等于说，所有进口粮食的国家都粮食生产过剩，故选项C是错的。文中未提及选项A和B，故这两个选项是错的。
第30题：
本题属于推论性的试题。仔细阅读本文，便知本题的答案可由第5段第2和第3句引出，因此答案应该是选项D。71％的考生答对了本题。由于文章第3段第1句提到government support，故有15％的成绩中等偏下的考生误选了C项。但应注意的是，此处的government support说的是the gradual cutting down of government support for food，不是说英国政府对粮食生产者提供财政上的支持，因此选项C是错的。文中内容并未涉及选项A和B，因此A项和B项也是错的。
Passage Three（第31至35题）
内容大意
本文对科学所具有的难以预料的特点作了哲理性很强的论述。全文共分3段。第1段指出，很难预料科学的发展，因为真正的科学是无法预测的。如果所发现的事物确实是新的，那么正因为其新，所以是无法预测的。在这个问题上，人们没有选择的余地。人们只有接受或不接受科学。如果接受的话，那么在接受那些有用部分的同时，还得接受那些令人惊异和不安的部分。
在第2段里，本文作者表示自己坚信无疑的唯一靠得住的科学真理，便是人们对自然界还十分无知。在作者看来，这一点可以说是一百年以来生物学的最为重要的发现。而如果从某一方面看，这一点亦是一则颇能说明问题的富有启发性的好消息。文章进一步指出，如果18世纪启蒙运动的头号智者被告知，现在人们对自然界所知甚微，而且对前景亦感到十分茫然，他们定会感到震惊。但在本文作者看来，人们的突然发现自己对自然界是多么愚昧无知，这才是20世纪科学对人类智慧所作的最重要的贡献。在早期，人们要么假装懂得万物是怎样运行的，要么就回避这个问题，要不然就索性捏造事实以填补空白。现在，由于人们开始进行认真的探索，才得以瞥见所面临的问题是多么巨大和难以解答。这一发现亦使人们沮丧，因为若对什么都完全无知，倒也不会因为无知而感到难受。人们之所以感到难以忍受，是因为多少意识到了自己的无知，知道问题最大的地方和问题不太严重的地方，但又看不出解决问题的希望所在或解决问题的途径。
最后第3段指出，在认识自然界方面，人们开始有点进展，因此必将有所回报。现在只要是人们能想到的问题，迟早都能予以解答，包括人的意识也是如此。当然，还有一些人们可能想不到的问题，这是因为人的智慧是有限的。但在人的智慧所及的范围内，只要予以注意并持之以恒，对所提出的问题应能予以解决。
第31题：
本题属于推论性题目。本题要求考生判断4个选项中哪一个是根据文章可以推断出来的结论。仔细阅读本文，便知本题的答案就在第1段第1句里，即…and if it really is good science, it is impossible to predict。因此答案应该是选项B。76％的考生答对了本题。有13％成绩偏低的考生误选了C项。这些考生可能因为未看懂文章，而仅凭常识猜测，认为既然说的是good science，就应能帮助人们事先作出正确的选择。文章未提及A项和D项，因此这两个选项是错的，误选的考生也较少。
第32题：
这也是一道推论性的题目。本文第2段前半段指出：我们对自然界了解甚少，这在某种意义上来说是件很有启发性的信息。但这一信息会使18世纪启蒙运动的那些伟大思想家感到十分震惊（因为就当时来说，他们认为他们对自然界已有所了解）。由此可推断出答案应该是选项A。考试结果表明有44％成绩较好的考生答对了本题。但有44％考生可能未看懂上述那段话，而只是根据常识推理而错选了C项。不过这部分考生的成绩较差。文中未提及选项B和D，因此这两个选项是错的，误选的考生也较少。
第33题：
这是一道辨认重要细节的题目。本题要求考生从4个选项中找出与文章内容无关的选项。仔细阅读本文便知，文中第2段第6句提到选项A、B和D的内容，唯独选项C与全文无关，因此本题的答案应该是选项C。72％的考生答对了本题。
第34题：
本题要求考生推断作者对某一问题所持的态度。本题所问的问题是作者对科学持何种态度？作者在文章的最后一段的前两句指出：
But we are making a beginning， and there ought to be some satisfaction． There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered， sooner or later…
在最后一句再次指出：
Within our limits，we should be able to work our way through to all our answers if we keep at it long enough， and pay attention．
因此，可以推断出选项C是答案。88％的考生答对了本题。本文未提及A、B和D项，故这3个选项是错的，误选的考生较少，成绩也较差。
第35题：
本题要求考生判断4个选项中哪一个是根据文章可以推断出来的结论。第3段第2句告诉我们：
There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered， sooner or later…
因此选项A是答案。67％的考生答对了本题。有21％的考生误选了B项。这可能是因为他们错误地理解了下一句To be sure， there may well be questions we can't think up， ever,…的原因。这句话的意思是"当然，很可能会有一些我们永远也想不出的问题，……"，但这与选项B的前半部分的意思恰好相反。文章中均未提及C项和D项，因此这两个选项也是错的。
Passage Four（第36至40题）
内容大意
本文摘自一篇论述绿化地带娱乐功能的演说辞。全文共分3段。第1段首先指出绿化地带对提高城市环境质量所起的重要作用。然后补充说明，目前这一点已为大家所接受，不过是作为一种不言自明的道理而不是作为经过严格推理的科学论证而接受的。尽管如此，能认识到绿化地带在城市环境中的重要作用是朝着正确方向迈出的第一步。下一句接着指出，认识到绿化地带的重要性不等于知道城市绿化地带的有关细节。因此，本段的最后一句点出了全文的中心思想，即关于绿化地带的娱乐功能。
在第2段里，作者指出，多年来指导城乡建设规划的理论，是把生活区、工作区、交通地段和娱乐区彼此分隔开，从而过多地注意发展远离住宅区的娱乐设施而忽视改善住宅地段周围的娱乐设施。作者认为这样做未必是上策，因为除了睡觉和上班以外，人们还有相当一部分时间是用在家里或在家附近地带活动。因此，作者认为户外的娱乐活动应始于家门。本段最后一句指出，城市环境应尽可能多地提供娱乐用的绿化地带，而且在规划这些地段时，还应使那些带有工作性质的地段增添有助于娱乐的色彩。
最后第3段指出，如果人们不能在附近的街区悠闲自得地漫步，孩子们因为来往交通而不能在街头玩耍，或在购物之余人们无法找到一片可以驻足之地以享受怡人的天气，那么最好的生活将等于零。也就是说，只有当人们进了房屋，关上大门后，才感到生活的舒适，这样的生活即使再好，也是非常有限的。
第36题：
这是一道辨认重要细节的题目。细读本文便可知，本题的答案可在第1段第3句中找到：At present，it is generally accepted， although more as a self-event statement than on the base of a closely－reasoned scientific proof。因为在此句中，it指的是前一句的idea，而idea所指的"观念"就是第1句的意思，即"绿化地带在提高城市环境的质量方面所起的重要作用"。因此，本题的答案应该是D项。6O％的考生答对了本题。21％的考生误选了C项。由于作者在接下来的2句中提到：…this does not mean， however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces． As to this rather complex subject， I shall…enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities，这些考生误以为"正在仔细研究（城市环境中的绿化地带）"，故误选了C项。文章并未提及选项A和B，因此这两个选项不是答案。
第37题：
本题要求考生辨认重要细节。本题的答案可在第2段第1句里找到，因为本题的题干加上选项B，即The theoretical separation of living， working， traffic and recreation has led to the location of recreation facilities far from home，实际上就是该句的部分释意，故答案应该是B项。答对本题的考生虽然仅37％，但大多是成绩好的考生。有28％成绩中等的考生误选了A项。虽然第2段第1句讲到"生活区与娱乐设施隔开"，但本文是强调"家门口绿化地带的娱乐功能"，所以A项不应是答案。另有28％成绩较差的考生误选了C项。这些考生未读懂第1句中由whereas引出的表示对比的让步状语从句与主句之间的关系，只注意到whereas后的there was relatively little attention for improvement of procreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home。实际上，选项D与本文内容意思相反，因此不是答案。
第38题：
这也是一道要求考生辨认重要细节的题目。本题问的是，作者建议应在何处提供具有娱乐功能的绿化地带。只要读者细心阅读，即可发现答案在第2段第3句，因为该句指出…recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house。故正确答案应该是C项。
77％的考生答对了本题。
第39题：
本题也是一道要求考生辨认重要细节的题目。本题的答案可在第2段的最后一句中找到，即：…and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect，因此正确答案是A项。61％的考生答对了本题。有16％的成绩较差的考生错选了D项。这是因为他们未看懂…recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house（户外的娱乐活动应始于家门）。本文未提及选项B和C，故这两个选项是错的。
第40题：
本题考核考生把握文章中心思想的能力。读完本文就不难看出本文论述的中心内容是关于利用城市中的绿化地带来改善城市居民的生活质量。再进一步细看，便可看出本文的重点在于如何发展城市绿化地带的娱乐功能，因为作者在第1段的最后一句把这一点交代得很清楚：…I shall， within the scope of this lecture， enter into one aspect only， namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities。关于加强绿化地带的娱乐功能以改善城市居民生活质量这一中心思想在第2段的第3和第4句以及最后一段都得到了进一步的强调，故本题的答案应该是A项。58％的考生答对了本题。有33％成绩较好的考生误选了B项。本文主要议论的是绿化地带的娱乐设施，但并不是泛泛议论改善娱乐功能，所以B项不是答案。由于第2段第4句提到…and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect，因此有少数考生误选了D项。文中未提及选项C，故C项不是答案。
第三部分 词语用法和语法结构（Part Ⅲ Vocabulary and Structure）
第41题
know better than to do something表示"懂得不应做某事"，相当于ought to have the experience and maturity to know it is the wrong thing to do…。从本题全句意思来看，选项D）should have known是答案，全句意思是："汤姆本来就应当知道不该请狄克帮忙"。"should十动词完成式"表示与过去事实相反，即"本来应当……"。答对本题的考生占75%。有12%的考生误选了B）shouldn't know。如用shouldn't know全句的意思就是："汤姆不应当知道不该请狄克帮忙"，句子意思不通。估计这些考生没有掌握know better than to do这个习惯用语。误选A）shall know和C)has known的考生较少。
第42题
全句意思是："魔术师从观众中________挑选了几个人，要他们协助表演"。从所给4个选项看，答案应为选项B）at random。at random意为"任意地、随便地"。68％的考生选择正确。有19％成绩较差的考生误选了C）on occasion。on occasion的意思是"有时、间或"。有11％的考生误选了A）by accident。by accident的意思是"偶然地"，相当于by chance。有少数考生误选了D）on average。on average意为"平均、一般说来"。
第43题
逗号后面应当是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰主句中的chemical reactions。全句意思是："水能参与各种各样的化学反应，其中的一些化学反应前面已经提到"。定语从句要由一个关系代词引出，所以选项D）a few of which是答案。答对本题的考生占82％。选项A）a few of it和C）a few of them中没有起连接作用的关系代词，不可能是答案，误选的考生也很少。有近10％的考生误选了B）a few of that。that若作为关系代词，一般不能用在介词之后；若作为指示代词，则不能起连接作用，因此不对。
第44题
"have十直接宾语十过去分词"（have something done）表示"使别人把……干好"。直接宾语是分词动作的客体，但该分词动作的主体不是句子的主语而是别的人。因此，本题答案是C）arrested。全句意思是："如果你不纳税，他们将让人逮捕你"。82％的考生做对了本题。有少数成绩较好的考生误选了B）arrest。have someone do something的意思是"让某人干某事"。如果本题中用arrest，句子意思成为"他们将让你去逮捕某人"，显然全句意思不通。而且，arrest是及物动词，后面缺少宾语。有少数考生误选A）to be arrested。have something to do的意思是"有责任或必须做某事"（be responsible for doing something or must do something）。还有少数考生误选D）being arrested。being arrested是现在分词被动语态，意思是"正在被逮捕"，与本句意思不合。
第45题
全句意思是："有人敲门，这是今晚第二次有人打扰我了"。someone开始的是一个从句，空格中应填入谓语动词。因为所讲的是一件已完成的事，所以选项A）had interrupted是答案。答对本题的考生占74％。在This is the first／second， etc． time之后常用完成式。本题是讲述过去的事情，所以用了过去完成式had interrupted。有10％成绩中等偏下的考生误选了D）to interrupt。这些考生可能受到it is time（for someone）to do something的影响。It is time to do something的意思是"现在该干（某事）了"。在it is time to do的结构中不能用完成式，所以选项C）to have interrupted更不对，而有11％成绩较差的考生误选了C项。选项B）would have interrupted的意思是"本来会打断"，与句意不合，误选的考生也较少。
第46题
全句意思是："且不说服务良好，大多数小旅店在收费方面也比________标准的宾馆要低"。空格中应该是表示"同等的"这一意思的词，因此选项A）equivalent是答案。有61％的考生答对。equivalent意为"相等的"，表示与某物相等或一样，相当于equal，similar或the same。有22％成绩较差的考生误选了C） uniform。uniform的意思是指外形、形状上相同或一致，相当于the same in appearance, form, etc.。少数成绩更差的考生误选了D）likely。likely作形容词时，可作"合适的"解。少数考生误选B）alike。alike作形容词时，意为"相像的"，在句中一般用作表语。
第47题
这句用的是虚拟语气，全句意思是："要不是你帮忙，我们永远不能解决这些困难"。主句谓语用的是"would＋have十过去分词"，前面应是一个表示过去情况的虚拟条件句。所以，选项C）Had it not been是答案，相当于If it had not been。答对本题的考生有83％。误选其他3个选项的考生都较少。少数考生误选B）If it were not。If it were not通常用于表示现在及将来情况的虚拟条件句。选项A）Had it not不是答案，因为 had后面谓语动词不全。选项D）If we had not been也不是答案，因为we had not been与题中的for your help接不上。
第48题
全句意思是："有些人对于是非问题不是________回避，就是采取中立的态度"。空格中应该是表示"有意地"这一意思的词，因此选项D）deliberately（故意，有意地）是答案。63％成绩较好的考生答对。deliberately的意思相当于on purpose。又15％的考生误选了B）enthusiastically。enthusiastically的意思是"热情地"。12％的考生误选了C）sincerely。sincerely的意思是"真诚地"。少数考生误选了A）violently，violently的意思是"猛烈地、剧烈地"。
第49题
全句意思是："日本劳动力________的问题，不容易解决"。从所给4个选项看，空格中应该是表示"缺少"这一意思的词，因此选项D）shortape是答案。76％的考生答对了本题。shortage的意思是"短缺、不足"，如labour shortage（劳动力短缺），food shortage（粮食短缺），water shortage（缺水）。有12％的考生误选了B）vacancy。vacancy与shortage不同，意思是"空缺"，指职务或位置空着。decline的意思是"下降、减少"。C）rarity。rarity的意思是"希罕、稀有"。
第50题
contribute to意为"有助于、促成"，这里的to是介词，后面要用名词或动名词。所以，选项A）contribute to solving是答案。全句意思是："我相信你的建议将有助于解决这个问题"。答对本题的考生仅46％。有23%成绩中等偏下的考生误选了C）contribute to solve。contribute后面不能接动词不定式。有15%成绩较差的考生误选D）be contributed to solving。contribute作及物动词时，意为"捐助"或"撰稿"。同样，选项B）be contributed to solve也不是答案，而且contribute作及物动词时，宾语后面也不可用动词不定式，而要用介词to。误选B项的考生也有15％，是成绩最差的一批考生。
第51题
全句意思是："今天早晨我出发上班比平常早，________堵车"。空格中应该是表示"预防"这一意思的词，因此选项C）in case of（防备）是答案。B）for the sake of。for the sake of的意思是"为了、为了……的利益"。A）in line with（与……一致）以及D）at the risk of（冒……险）。这两个短语都与句意不合。
第52题
这个句子谈到以下两点：有些地区几乎没有人烟；恶劣的天气情况。空格中应该是表示"原因"的词，将两者联系起来。全句意思是："有些地区因天气情况恶劣而几乎没有人烟"。因此选项A）due to是答案。B）in spite of。in spite of的意思是"不顾、不管"。D）with regard to。with regard to意为"关于、至于"。C）but for, but for的意思是"要不是"。
第53题
全句意思是："新洗衣机以每天50台的速度________出来"。空格中应该是表示"生产"这一意思的词，因此选项C）turned out（生产出）是答案。70％的考生做对了本题。turn out相当于produce。A）turned up。turn op的意思是"（将音量等）调大"。B）turned down。turn down的意思是"拒绝"。D）turned in。turn in的意思是"交还、上交"。
第54题
全句意思是："我们一转弯，就发觉道路陡然________"。从所给4个选项看，空格中填
入选项B）descendins最为合适。descend意为"下落"。有75％的考生答对了本题。但有13％的考生误选了A）departing，少数考生误选了D）depressing，另有少数考生误选了C）decreasing。departing的原形是depart，意思是"动身、离开"。depressing是的depress的现在分词，意为"使人沮丧的"。decreasing是decrease的现在分词，意为"减少、下降"。
第55题
全句意思是："总经理承担了这起事故的________，尽管实际上这并不是他的错"。空格
中应该是表示"责任"的词，因此选项 B） blame是答案。 take或 bear the blame的意思是"承担责任"。这道题较难，答对的只有22％成绩最好的考生。又如：
We were ready to take the blame for what had happened.我们准备对所发生的事情承担责任。
有51％成绩中等偏下的考生误选了选项C）charge。take charge的意思是"负责、接管"，但是charge前不用定冠词，后面跟of短语。例如：
I'll soon take charge of the department我不久将负责管理这个部门。
各有13％的考生误选了A）guilt和D）accusation。guilt可表示"内疚"，"感到内疚"是experience guilt，"露出内疚"是show guilt。guilt不与take搭配。accusation意为"指责、指控"。accusation也不与take搭配。例如：
Your accusation that I lied is untrue．你指责我撒谎是不符合事实的。
第56题
本题前面一句说："他们一度有过声望、财产和可靠的前途"，后面一句是一种对比，意思应当是："而现在剩下的只是一贫如洗"。选项B）now all that is left是答案，all是主语，that is left修饰all。答对本题的考生有75％。修饰all，everything之类词的定语从句要用that引出（that有时可省略）。D）now all what is left。如用what，则不能用all，句子应写成：
Now what is left is only utter poverty．
now that all is left。如果把now that看成连接词，则其意思为"既然"，与前面句子意思连不上，而且is left后面又有is，句子结构也不对。还有少数考生误选C） now all which is left。修饰all的从句不能用关系代词which引出。
第57题
全句意思是："售货员对顾客很坦率。如果有样东西质量________，他会如实跟他们讲的"。空格中的词应该是表示"差、不行"这一意思的词，因此选项B）inferior（较次的、较劣的）
是答案。有45％成绩较好的考生答对本题。inferior quality是"低劣的质量"的意思。an article of inferior quality表示"一件质量低劣的物品"，相当于anarticle of worse quality than another one of the similar type。26％成绩中等偏下的考生错选了D）awkward。awkward意为"粗笨的、棘手的、使用不便的"，不管用于哪种意义，都不能与quality搭配。19％成绩较好的考生误选了A）humble。humble的意思是"卑贱的、地位（身份）低下的"，只用于指人，不能与quality搭配。例如：
He is of humble birth．他出身卑微。
His parents were humble people； they had no money and lived poorly他的父母地位低下；他们没有钱，生活贫穷。
少数成绩很差的考生错选了C）minor。minor的意思是"较次要的"。例如：
These events, were however, of minor importance．然而，这些事件不太重要。
第58题
全句意思是："他的习惯爱好跟他妻子完全________"。从4个选项来看，空格中应该是表示"相同"这一意思的词，因此选项C）coincide（相一致）是答案。50％的考生做对了本题。coincide意为"相同、一致"。A）combine。combine的意思是"结合、联合"。D）compromise。compromise的意思是"妥协"。B）compete。compete的意思是"竞争、比赛"。
第 59题
全句意思是："树枝几乎＿不了果实的重量"。空格中应该是表示"承受"这一意思的词，因此选项B）sustain（承受）是答案。61％的考生答对本题。sustain the weight of something意为"支撑某物，使某物不倒塌或掉下来"。C）maintain。maintain的意思是"维持"。A)retain。retain的意思是"保留、保持"。D）remain。remain的意思是"剩下、留下"，是不及物动词。
第60题
全句意思是："计算机尽管有许多优点，但绝非没有________"。空格中应该是表示"缺点、局限性"这类意思的词，因此选项D）limitations（局限性）最为合适。58％成绩好的考生做对了本题。limitations在这里相当于shortcomings。例如：
A wise man knows his own limitations．一个聪明人知道他自己的弱点。
有18%的考生误选了C）confinements。confinement的意思是"限制"。例如：
They strongly resisted confinements to a small area．他们强烈反对被限制在很小的范围之内。
15％的考生误选了B）restraints。restraints意为"限制的东西"。例如：
Lack of money and lock of machinery are two restraints on the growth of the firm．缺钱；缺机器是限制该公司发展的两件事。
少数考生误选了A）boundaries。boundary意为"分界线、边界"。例如：
High mountains are the boundary between the two countries.高山是两国的分界线。
第61题
全句意思是："要求参观者________规则"。从4个选项看，空格中应该是表示"遵守"这一意思的选项C）comply。64％的考生选择正确。comply with意为"遵守"。B）consult，A） contrast，10％的考生误选了D）conflict。conflict意为"和……商量"，contrast意为"与……形成对比"，conflict意为"与……抵触"。这几个词的词义全然不同，但它们有一个共同的特点，即后面都可以接with引起的介词短语。
第62题
全句意思是；"他________的工作太多,以致无法真正有效地进行工作"。空格中应该是表示"承担"这一意思的词，因此选项D）took on（承担，接受）是答案。79％的考生答对了本题。C）brought on。bring on意为"引起"。A）put on。put on可作"增加"解，但只是指体重。B）turned on。turn on意为"打开"，不能与work搭配。
第63题
从4个选项和句子意思来看，选项A）On no account（决不，绝对不）是答案。全句意思是："绝对不应该给一个小孩子任何钱"。答对本题的考生有68％。C）Of no account。of no account的意思是"毫不重要"，通常作表语或定语。B）From all accounts和D)By all accounts的考生不多。这两个短语的意思是"根据各种说法"，与本句句义不符。此外，本题用的是主谓倒装语序，句首应是表示否定意义的状语。From all accounts和 by all accounts置于句首时，句子主谓语都不倒装。
第64题
全句意思是："没有事实，我们不能形成一个有真正价值的意见，因为我们需要有确凿的了解作为我们思考的依据"。动词base的用法是：base A on（或upon）B（把A建立在B的基础上）。本题是说："把我们的思考建立在确凿了解的基础上"，所以选项C）upon which to base是答案。upon which to base our thinking中base的主体是隐含的we。即：upon which we should base our thinking。答对本题的只有45％成绩很好的考生。有38％的考生误选了A）which to be based on。一方面，意思不对。如果说：factual knowledge is based on our thinking，意思是："确凿的了解是建立在我们思考的基础上"，正好相反。而且，这种结构中动词不定式一般不用被动语态。有10％的考生误选了B）which to base apon。用"which十动词不定式"作定语时，介词要置于which前,而不能置于句末。如果介词置于句末，不能用which。例如：
It was a bad season in which to have picnics．这是一个不适于野餐的季节。（＝…a bad season to have picnics in．）
有少数考生误选了D）to which to be based。一方面，这种结构中不能用不定式的被动语态；另一方面to be based要用介词on，而不是to。
第65题
本句是讲："这种建筑机器人十分能干，因此最终可能使建筑工地上所需的劳动力减少90％"。that后面是表示一种结果的从句，主句中要有修饰clever的so相呼应，因此答案是A）So clever are the construction robots。答对本题的考生占54％。B）So clever the construction robots are。这些考生知道主句中要有so与从句的that呼应，但不知道把so放在句首以示强调时句子要用主谓倒装结构。
第66题
结合选项可知，全句意思是："所有航班因暴风雨而取消，于是他们决定乘火车"。逗号前后两部分都没有连接词，所以逗号前面不应当是一个主谓结构的句子形式，而是一个分词独立结构。此外，flights与cancel应是被动关系，因此选项B）having been canceled是答案。68％的考生答对本题。这种分词独立结构在句中起状语的作用。C）were canceled，D）have been canceled。两者都是谓语动词形式。如前所述，题中没有连接词，逗号前不可能是一个有主谓结构的句子形式。A）having canceled。cancel是及物动词，flights是其动作对象，having canceled是现在分词的完成式，但本题要用被动语态。
第67题
全句意思是"显微镜能将物体的直径________100倍"。空格中应该是表示"放大"这一意思的词，magnify的意思是：make something appear bigger in size，即："使某物看上去尺寸变大"。因此，选项A）megnify是答案。有41％成绩很好的考生答对了本题，但有42％成绩中等的考生误选了D）multiply。multiply指数量"增加、增多"，并无放大之意。例如：
Our chances multiplied.我们的机遇增多了。少数考生误选了B）increase和C）develop。increase意为"增加、增长"，相当于to make or become greater in size, number, degree, ect.，即："使物体的大小、数量、程度等增加"。例如：
He increased the size of his farm year by year.他逐年扩大农场的面积。
develop意为"发达、发展"。例如：
China is developing rapidly中国在迅速发展。
第68题:
全句意思是："语言属于我们每一个人，属于卖花人，也属于教授"。空格中应填入一个连接成分。as much as（与……一样）与as well as一样，能连接两个并列成分，可作复合的并列连接词，所以选项A）as much as是答案。又如：
The speech was addressed to the employers as much to the strikers．这话是对业主说的，也是对罢工者说的。
答对本题的只有22％成绩较好的考生。误选C）the same as的有 48％成绩中等偏下的考生。the same as并不构成一个并列连接词。例如：
Her hair is of the same colour as her mother's．她的头发颜色和她母亲的一样。
有24％的考生误选了B）as far as。as far as是一个连接词。但不是并列连接词，其意思是"就……、尽……、至于"，表示一种程度或范围。例如：
That is all very well as far as it goes.就目前情况来说，一切很好。
误选D）as long as的考生较少，而且成绩较差。as long as是一个从属连接词，意为"既然"或"只要"。例如：
The minister said he would still support them， as long as they didn't break the rules．部长说，只要他们不违犯法规，他会继续支持他们。
第69题
全句意思是："我们认为爱迪生的成就应________他的聪明才智和辛勤劳动"。空格中应该是表示"归因于"这一意思的词，因此选项B）attribute（归因于）是答案。52％成绩较好的考生做对了本题。attribute要和介词to连用。例如：
The car accident was attributed to faulty brakes．这起交通事故起因于刹车失灵。
有32％成绩中等偏上的考生误选了C）owe。owe意为"应该把……归功于"。例如：
If I have improved in any way, I owe it all to you．如果我有所进步的话，那应归功于你。
有11％成绩很差的考生误选了D）refer。refer意为"提到、涉及"。例如：
The speaker referred to his past experience to make his point.讲话人提及他过去的经历以证明他的论点。
少数考生误选了A）subject。subject意为"使受到"，常用于被动语态。例如：
This metal should not be subjected to too high temperature．这种金属不应受热过高。
虽然上面4个词都与介词to连用，但意义与用法各不相同，因此在本句中只能选B）attribute。
第70题
全句意思是："为了________作文中的一切拼写错误，她把作文又仔细地从头到尾看了一遍"。空格中应该是表示"除去"这一意思的词，因此选项D）eliminate（消除）是答案。54％成绩较好的考生答对了本题。eliminate相当于to remove。18%的考生误选了B）diminish。diminish的意思是"（使）减少"。A）withdraw。withdraw意为"收回"。C）abandon。abandon意为"放弃"。
第四部分 综合改错（Part Ⅳ Error Correction）
内容大意
这篇短文回溯了18世纪和19世纪时期美国农民的状况。
文章共分4段。第1段的首句概括说明：美国的农民有着独立（independent）和勤劳（hard-working）的传统。在18世纪，农家就是自给自足（self-sufficient）的，他们仅偶尔卖出多余的农产品以便向杂货店（general store，也称作grocery或sundry store）购买少许物品。
第2和第3段是全文的主要部分，描述了19世纪美国农民的生活状况：到1860年美国南北战争（1861-1865）前后，随着工业的发展，尽管有一部分农村人口转移到城市，百分之八十的美国人口仍在农村。直到19世纪末叶，农村的生产和生活与往日还是无甚差异。农民黎明即起，忙于干活，劳动全凭双手，使用的仅是斧子、铁铲等简单工具。他们用烧木柴的（woodburning）灶炉烧饭。唯一有所改进的是把蜡烛换成了煤油灯。农家的娱乐和社交主要是驾着马车到附近的小村镇处理一些事务（to transact some business）或者和来到那里的邻居聊聊天。
孩子们上的是简陋的小学-一往往只有一间教室。他们每大得步行到那儿，也许得走好多英里。乡村小学的学期很短，以便让孩子们帮助家里干农活。
第4段是结论，与第1段相呼应：尽管农民全家都得干活，生活艰苦，但是就农民这一阶层（as a class）来说，则是自力更生（self-reliant），独立自主的。
从文章可知，美国的农民与某些亚、欧国家的农民有所不同。前者拥有自己的土地，自给自足，称为farmer；而后者则可能受制于地主或富农，也可能是独立的，统称为peasant（农民、雇农）。我国的农民已经摆脱了地主、富农的剥削，"农民"一词译成英语时仍可沿用peasant，也可译为farmer。
试题分析
第71题
要找出这一行中的错误所在必须从上下文的意思着手。本行上一句说："在18世纪（美国的）农民是自给自足的"。那么，接下去应该是"农民生产自己生活的一切东西"才合乎逻辑。但是本行的句子却用了nothing一词，这显然是错了，应该改为everything，即：…grew and made almost everything…（……生产和制造。……差不多其所需的一切东西）。答对本题的考生有44％。有的考生把单数的crop改为crops。也许他们以为多余的农产品不只一种，因此要用复数。如果是指各种各样的"农作物"或"庄稼"，crop是可数名词，且常用复数表示。但crop泛指农作物或农产品时也可以作不可数名词。在本句中crop是泛指任何多余的农作物，因此没有必要用复数。
第72题：
because的意思是"因为"，作连接词，引出原因从句。这里用了because句子意思就成为："因为有些农民搬到了城市里，然而（yet）还有百分之八十的美国人口仍在农村"，在意义上前后矛盾。显然，这里主句和从句不应是因果关系，而是让步关系，即"虽然、尽管、即使……，然而……"。因此，because应该改为although，即：…although some of thegh farm population had moved to the city， yet…。还要注意，because不可以与 yet连用，也不可以将yet改为so，即主句中不可以再用连接词。下面这个句子是错误的，应删去because或so：
Because many young peasants went to work in the city, so much of the land lay waste．因为许多年轻农民到城里工作，所以许多土地荒芜了。
应改为：
Many young peasants…，so…
或：Because…，much of the land
有51％的考生答对了本题。有些考生将farm改为farm's，即：the farm's population。farm可作名词性定语，例如：farm product（农产品），farm hands（农村帮工），farm work（农场工作）等等，因此不应改为farm's。
第73题：
在“某某世纪"时，英语应该用序数词，不能用基数词，本文第2行的the eigheenth century便是明证。因此，本行the late nineteen century中的nineteen一词应该改为nineteenth。又如：the twentieth century（2O世纪），the twellty－first century（21世纪）。用阿拉伯数字时，要加上序数词的词尾，如the 19th century（不可写成the 19 century），the 20th century the 21st century。注意，它们前面一定要有走冠词the。有50％的考生答对了本题。有的考生将late（后期，末叶）改为later（下半叶），这是不必要的。the late nineteenth century意为"19世纪后期"，the late sixties是"60年代后期"。the early nineteenth century（19世纪初期），the early sixties(60年代初期)；the mid nineteen century(19世纪中期)，the mid sixties（60年代中期）。the later nineteenth century意为"19世纪下半叶"。还有的考生把much误改为very，即：…not very changed。much是副词，可以用来修饰被动语态中的过去分词或作表语的过去分词。
第74题：
本行中，changed from后面是一个从句that they had been in the old days，作介词from的宾语。可是介词from不能接that从句。同时，因为that前面无所指代，不可能是关系代词，这样had been就没有表语，从句不能成立。what是个连接代词，可以引出宾语从句，又可以在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，相当于that which，符合本句要求，因此应将that改为what，即：…farm work and life were not much changed from what they had been in the old days（……农家的工作和生活与过去没有多大改变）。有53％的考生答对了本题。有的考生将days误改为day。day作"时期、时代"解时一般用复数形式，前面要加定冠词。
第75题：
在这一行里，句子的意思应该是："农民在黎明或黎明前起床并且有很多事要做……"。可是，aroused的意思是"唤醒"，而不是"起床"，是及物动词。如果农民被唤醒，应该说The farmer was aroused：如果是农民唤醒某人，则应该是The farmer aroused somebody。而arise（过去式arose）的意思是"起床"，是不及物动词，这才符合句子要求，因此应将aroused改为arose。试比较：
Don't arouse him． It's still early不要唤醒他，现在还早呢。
He arose at six and took a hurried breakfast.他六点起床，匆匆地吃了早餐。
"起床"也可以说get（过去式got）up或rise（过去式rose）。例如：
He got up/rose early and rushed to the city to meet Peter.他一早便起床，赶到城里去和彼得会面。
只有30％的考生改对了。这也许是因为aroused与arose在拼写上很接近，他们把两个词的意思和用法混淆了。这说明确切记住词汇拼写、辨义和用法是十分重要的。有的考生在at dawn（在黎明时）中间加了定冠词the，成为at the dawn。at dawn是固定短语，不可有定冠词。at dawn等于at daybreak。例如：
The earthquake came at dawn, when most villager were still in bed地震在黎明时到来，这时大多数村民还在睡觉。
第76题：
在这一行中，主要是一个以介词with引导的短语：with his own muscles like his chief source of power（直译：他自己的肌肉就是他力量的来源；意译：主要靠自己的双手劳动）。在这里，muscles喻指双手，power原意为"动力"，这里指劳动时的"力量，力气"。with引出的是一个"主一表结构"，即： his own muscles=his chief source of power。这种结构有两种表达方法：用as（作为、当作）或being（连系动词）引出后面部分。因此，本行中应将like改为as或being。有79％的考生答对了，说明这道题比较容易。但也有的考生把with删去，从而使状语短语变成独立结构。这里的with短语与独立结构的作用相当，所以没有必要删去with。同时，由于删去with却没有改like，句子还是错的。
第77题：
这一行中有一个句子：
He used axes, spades and other complicated tools．他使用斧头、铲子和其他复杂的工具。从句义上可以看出，斧子和铲子一类工具不是复杂的工具，从上下文也可见，美国农民主要靠双手从事劳动，因此用complicated一词不合逻辑，应改为其反义词simple（简单的）才对。只有30％成绩很好的考生答对本题。在答错的考生中，有相当一部分并非没有看出complicated是错的，而是错改成了easy（容易的）。我们可以说：
This tool is easy to use．这件工具容易使用。（或：It is easy to use the tool）
但不可说：
This is an easy tool．这是一件容易的工具。
必须指出，This tool is easy to use和It is easy to use this tool虽然都是对的，但不是道地的英语，应该说：
This is a convenient tool.这是个很方便的工具。
或：This is tool is quite simple．这件工具十分简单。
第78题：
本行句子的意思是："农家的娱乐和社交生活主要就是乘马车到附近的小村镇去……"。句子的意思是通顺的。但是，这句话的谓语动词consist（由……组成）是一个不及物动词，它后面不能直接带宾语。说"某某是由……组成的"，也即"某某包括……"时，应该在consist后面加介词of，构成短语动词，才能带宾语。因此，本行应该在。onsisted后面加介词of。有59％的考生答对了。有的考生看出在consisted之后应加介词，但是他们误加了介词in。consist in的意思是"（存）在于……"。
第79题：
本行中的to that they had to walk every day…（他们必须每天走到那里……）是修饰上一行中school的后置定语从句。在这个从句中，to that被用作walk的状语，that是关系代词。可是that作关系代词时不可以放在介词后面构成短语，因此必须将that改为which，即：to which they had to walk。有75％的考生答对了。有的考生看出这里有错，但是他们将to删去，认为这样便可以用that作school的关系代词，引出定语从句。可是他们忽略了that在从句中的地位。walk是不及物动词，不能带直接宾语，我们不能说they had to walk that，因此删去to是不对的。注意，句中to which也可以用where表示，即：where they had to walk，但是根据考题规定，只能删或改一个词，因此不可将to that两个词删去，改为where。
第80题：
本行是上一行的继续。全句意思是："学期是短的，从而孩子们不能在农庄帮助干活"。可是下面一段却是Although the whole family worked…（虽然全家都干活……），显然上下文是矛盾的。农村学校学期较短的目的应是为了（so that）让孩子们帮助干活，因此在句中应将否定词not删去。有86％的考生答对了，说明他们注意到上下文的逻辑关系。但也有少数考生把that删去。so与so that用在句中都可以，对句义没有什么影响，因此that不必删去。但不删去not是不行的。也有的考生把on改为in，即：in the farm。on与in都可以与farm连用。事实上，在作状语时，on the farm用得更普遍。因此，不必将on the farm改为in the filrlrl。
Writing
Car Accidents Declining in Walton City
According to the graph, the rise and fall of the rate of car accidents in Walton City varies with the seasons. From January to March last year it increased by 68%, from March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate; and from June to August there was a steep rise of 66.6%. After that, however, there was a steady decrease, and this makes us optimistic that car accidents are declining in Walton City.
There are three reasons for this improvement. First, new traffic regulations have made drivers more careful. Second, more people are using bicycles for transportation. Third, in the later part of the year good weather made the roads safer to drive on.
This year, major roads have been repaired and the number of public buses has been increased. Moreover, a traffic safety campaign has made all the local people more aware of the dangers of unsafe driving. So, I am confident that there will be even fewer car accidents in Walton in the future.
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